Tyrannosaurus rex 霸王龙
Big. 很大.
Nasty. 讨厌的.
A killer dinosaur. 一只杀人恐龙.
Even its name means The king of the tyrant lizards. 甚至它的名字也意味着暴君蜥蜴之王.
The most famous Prehistoric carnivore 最著名的史前食肉动物
That ever roamed earth, 曾经漫游过地球，
Surely looked like The ruler of all reptiles. 看起来像是所有爬行动物的统治者.
As tall as a two-story building And as long as a school bus, 有两层楼那么高，有校车那么长，
With scaly skin 皮肤有鳞
And a huge jaw Packed with razor-sharp teeth. 巨大的下巴上长满了锋利的牙齿.
In popular culture, 在流行文化中，
Tyrannosaurus rex Has often been portrayed 霸王龙经常被描绘成
As a freakishly Oversized lizard, 作为一只超大号的蜥蜴，
But is this image a big mistake? 但这张照片是个大错误吗？
New evidence is revealing that T. Rex is not what we thought. 新的证据显示霸王龙不是我们想象的那样.
Is the king of the dinosaurs Having an identity crisis? 恐龙之王有身份危机吗？
Could tyrannosaurus rex Actually have been... 霸王龙真的会
(tyrannosaurus roars) （暴龙咆哮）
(chicken clucking) （鸡咯咯叫）
1902, the badlands Of hell creek, montana, 1902年，蒙大拿州地狱溪的荒地，
One of the world's Most famous paleontologists 世界上最著名的古生物学家之一
Was on a mission To find evidence 是为了寻找证据
Of prehistoric creatures. 关于史前生物.
And this was a region Rich in fossils 这是一个化石丰富的地区
From the late cretaceous period. 从晚白垩世开始.
Barnum brown was known By the nickname "mr. Bones." 巴纳姆·布朗的绰号是“骨头先生”
He'd been digging For three years there, 他在那里挖了三年，
When he unearthed Just 11% of a creature 当他只发现了11%的生物
That had never been seen before. 以前从未见过的.
In 1908, he discovered Half of the giant 1908年，他发现了半个巨人
That would be named "the king", 那就是“国王”，
Tyrannosaurus rex. 霸王龙.
Although mr. Bones found Less than half of a skeleton, 尽管博恩斯先生发现了不到一半的骨架，
Those bones painted a picture Of a towering lizard-like beast. 那些骨头画了一幅像蜥蜴一样的巨兽的图画.
It was just totally Terrifying to the public 对公众来说真是太可怕了
To think of something that Looked like a giant reptile, 想想看像一只巨大的爬行动物，
45 to 50-feet long, A skull, 6-feet long, 45到50英尺长，一个头骨，6英尺长，
Full of amazing gigantic teeth. 长满了惊人的巨大牙齿.
Barnum's discovery put Tyrannosaurus rex 巴纳姆的发现使霸王龙
At the top Of the prehistoric food chain. 在史前食物链的顶端.
It was king of the carnivores, Roaming parts of north america 它是食肉动物之王，在北美漫游
For several million years 几百万年来
During The late cretaceous period 晚白垩世
Until it disappeared forever 65 million years ago. 直到6500万年前它永远消失.
For the past 113 years, Paleontologists have tried 在过去的113年里，古生物学家一直在尝试
To piece together more clues 拼凑更多线索
To build a picture Of this unusual creature. 为这个不寻常的生物画张像.
Scientists had to study fossils And skin impressions 科学家们不得不研究化石和皮肤印痕
From similar dinosaurs 来自相似的恐龙
To put the pieces of the puzzle Together. 把拼图拼凑起来.
The name dinosaur means, "fearfully great lizard" 恐龙这个名字的意思是“可怕的巨蜥”
And this new discovery Was one huge dinosaur. 这个新发现是一个巨大的恐龙.
I think t. Rex is fascinating To the public 我认为霸王龙对公众很有吸引力
For a number of reasons. 有很多原因.
I mean, Its size is truly incredible. 我的意思是，它的尺寸真的难以置信.
It is a gigantic Meat-eating animal. 它是一种巨大的食肉动物.
It could swallow a human In one bite. 它能一口吞下一个人.
Of course, its look, 当然，它的外观，
I mean, it has this, sort of, Primeval reptilian look, 我的意思是，它有一种原始爬行动物的样子，
At least in popular lore. 至少在流行的传说中.
While tyrannosaurus rex Ruled the land, 当霸王龙统治这片土地时，
Birds ruled the skies. 鸟儿统治着天空.
But not any bird That we're used to seeing today. 但不是我们今天经常看到的鸟.
In 1861, 41 years before The discovery of t. Rex, 1861年，在霸王龙被发现前41年，
An ancient bird Was accidentally unearthed 一只古鸟被意外发现
From a limestone quarry In southern germany. 来自德国南部的石灰石采石场.
It was the size of a raven. 它有乌鸦那么大.
It had feathers, broad wings, And was probably able to fly. 它有羽毛，宽大的翅膀，很可能会飞.
Its name was archaeopteryx 它的名字叫始祖鸟
And it lived Around 151 million years ago, 它生活在1.51亿年前，
Long before t. Rex Even walked the earth. 早在霸王龙行走地球之前.
At first sight, the most Striking feature of the animal 乍一看，这种动物最显著的特征
Is the faint But clear impressions 是微弱而清晰的印象
Of feathers along the arms And along the tail. 手臂和尾巴上的羽毛.
And at that time, 当时，
The only known animals To possess feathers were birds. 已知唯一拥有羽毛的动物是鸟.
And in the eyes Of the scientists of the time, 在当时的科学家眼中，
That classified this animal As a bird right away. 马上就把这动物归为鸟了.
But aside from its feathers, 但除了它的羽毛，
This strange bird had teeth And a bony tail 这只奇怪的鸟有牙齿和一条瘦骨嶙峋的尾巴
Just like a dinosaur. 就像恐龙一样.
If we look closer At the skeleton, 如果我们仔细看骨架，
We reveal some Ancient characters of reptiles 我们揭示了爬行动物的一些古老特征
And some characters that are Only found in dinosaurs. 以及一些只在恐龙身上发现的特征.
And archaeopteryx Really represents 始祖鸟真的代表
An amazing transitional form 令人惊奇的过渡形式
In the evolution of reptiles And dinosaurs to birds. 在爬行动物和恐龙进化为鸟类的过程中.
A long bony tail is something You see in dinosaurs, 你在恐龙身上看到的是一条长而瘦骨嶙峋的尾巴，
As well as other reptiles, 和其他爬行动物一样，
But it's not something That we see in modern birds. 但这不是我们在现代鸟类身上看到的东西.
If we look to the skull Of archaeopteryx 如果我们看看始祖鸟的头骨
And into the jaws, 在下巴里，
We see a number of fine 我们看到一些罚款
But distinctive teeth lining Both the upper and lower jaws. 但是上下颚都有独特的牙齿.
Again, birds do not have teeth. 再说一次，鸟没有牙齿.
They have beaks. 它们有喙.
The wings are magnificent With asymmetrical feathers, 翅膀很华丽，羽毛不对称，
Which suggest that They had a flight function 这说明它们有飞行功能
Just like A modern bird feather. 就像现代的鸟羽毛.
But, at the ends of the arms, 但是，在手臂的末端，
Three-fingered hands That are tipped in claws 三指爪尖的手
And this is something 这是什么
That you only see In meat-eating dinosaurs. 你只能在食肉恐龙身上看到.
Paleontologists scratched Their heads 古生物学家挠头
At this frankenstein hybrid. 在这个弗兰肯斯坦的混血儿.
Was this a bird or a dinosaur? 这是鸟还是恐龙？
But a scientist named Thomas henry huxley 但是一个叫托马斯·亨利·赫胥黎的科学家
Knew exactly What he was looking at. 知道他在看什么.
He was a big supporter 他是个大支持者
Of charles darwin's Theory of evolution. 达尔文的进化论.
And when he looked At archaeopteryx, he saw a link. 当他看着始祖鸟，他看到了一个链接.
In 1868, he published a paper That ruffled a lot of feathers 1868年，他发表了一篇让人大跌眼镜的论文
When he proposed a connection 当他提出联系的时候
Between modern birds And ancient dinosaurs. 在现代鸟类和古代恐龙之间.
Thomas henry huxley, 托马斯·亨利·赫胥黎，
The prominent evolutionary Biologist of the day, 当时著名的进化生物学家，
Known to many As darwin's bulldog, 被许多人称为达尔文的斗牛犬，
Was the first champion Of the idea 是这个主意的第一个拥护者
That birds were, in fact, Descendants of dinosaurs 事实上，鸟类是恐龙的后代
And could be considered Living dinosaurs. 可以认为是活恐龙.
This idea was Very controversial at the time 这个想法在当时很有争议
And many scientists Didn't accept the evidence. 很多科学家都不接受这个证据.
The theory of evolution Was not even 10 years old 进化论还不到10年
And skeptical scientists Couldn't believe 持怀疑态度的科学家无法相信
That giant meat-eating dinosaurs 巨型食肉恐龙
Could have transformed into Creatures as benign as birds 会变成像鸟一样善良的生物
Over millions of years. 数百万年来.
So for a century, The debate about dinosaurs 一个世纪以来，关于恐龙的争论
Evolving into modern-day birds Was buried. 进化成现代鸟类被埋葬.
T. Rex remained In the eyes of the world, T、 雷克斯留在世人的眼中，
A terrifying lizard. 可怕的蜥蜴.
Then in the 1960s, John ostrom, 在20世纪60年代，约翰·奥斯特罗姆，
One of the world's Most-respected paleontologists 世界上最受尊敬的古生物学家之一
Would revive the dino-debate. 会重振恐龙的争论.
In the summer of 1964, 1964年夏天，
John ostrum mounted An expedition 约翰·奥斯特罗姆远征
To the cloverly formation, 到三叶草阵营，
A set of rock exposed in Southern montana 蒙大拿州南部暴露的一组岩石
To collect dinosaurs From early cretaceous age. 收集白垩纪早期的恐龙.
He discovered the bones of A group of raptor dinosaurs, 他发现了一群猛禽恐龙的骨头，
Which he went on to name "deinonychus" 他接着给它取名为“deinonychus”
Or "terrible claw." 或者“可怕的爪子”
The remains Were of a remarkably agile, 尸体非常灵活，
Perhaps Even warm-blooded predator. 甚至可能是温血捕食者.
And this ran counter To all of the entrenched ideas 这与所有根深蒂固的想法背道而驰
About dinosaurs at the time. 关于当时的恐龙.
This was a theropod, 这是一只兽脚亚目动物，
The same group of dinosaurs As t. Rex, 和霸王龙一样的恐龙，
But had a large brain, While t. Rex's was small. 但是它的大脑很大，而霸王龙的大脑很小.
The finding was a Game-changer. 这个发现改变了游戏规则.
The pictures of dinosaurs At the time 当时恐龙的照片
Was one of overgrown lizards, Slow, dim-witted, cold-blooded. 是一种生长过度的蜥蜴，缓慢，迟钝，冷血.
Ostrum's find of deinonychus 鸵鸟的发现
Completely changed That perception. 完全改变了这种看法.
To find a small, agile, Intelligent, 找到一个小的，敏捷的，聪明的，
And potentially warm-blooded Raptorial dinosaur 还有潜在的温血强奸恐龙
Was something That really revolutionized 是真正革命性的东西
The scientific community. 科学界.
A few years after digging out Deinonychus, 在挖出迪诺尼库斯几年后，
T. Rex's smaller relative, T、 雷克斯的小亲戚，
John ostrum examined The fossil remains 约翰·奥斯特罗姆检查了化石遗骸
Of archaeopteryx, 关于始祖鸟，
The ancient bird found 100 years earlier. 100年前发现的古鸟.
As he studied the unusual bird, 当他研究这只不同寻常的鸟时，
He noticed more and more Similarities 他注意到越来越多的相似之处
Between it and deinonychus, 在它和戴诺尼科斯之间，
And the dino-debate Was reignited. 恐龙的争论又重新开始了.
Was archaeopteryx the missing Link in the 100-year-old theory 始祖鸟是百年理论中缺失的一环吗
That dinosaurs evolved Into today's birds? 恐龙进化成今天的鸟类？
One of the similarities, 其中一个相似之处，
And one that john ostrum Was particularly interested in, 约翰·奥斯特罗姆特别感兴趣的是，
Was the structure of the wrist. 是手腕的结构.
These dinosaurs have A reduced number of wrist bones 这些恐龙的腕骨数量减少了
And their anatomy shows 他们的解剖显示
That these dinosaurs Could only fold their arms 这些恐龙只能张开双臂
In one particular way 以一种特殊的方式
And that way is exactly like The way a bird folds its wings. 这就像鸟儿折叠翅膀一样.
We see more evidence Of a close relationship 我们看到了更多亲密关系的证据
Between dinosaurs and birds In the anatomy of the vertebrae 在恐龙和鸟类之间的脊椎解剖
Or the spinal column. 或者是脊柱.
If you look closely along The sides of the vertebrae, 如果你仔细观察脊椎两侧，
You'll see holes 你会看到洞的
And these are the hallmarks Of where air sacs have invaded 这些是气囊侵入的标志
The spinal column. 脊柱.
And these air sacs are 这些气囊是
The signature of an avian-style Respiratory system. 鸟类呼吸系统的特征.
These physical links raise The possibility that theropods, 这些物理联系增加了兽脚类动物，
The bipedal meat-eating family Of dinosaurs 两足食肉恐龙科
That includes tyrannosaurus, Evolved into modern-day birds. 其中包括暴龙，进化成现代鸟类.
Scientists found that t. Rex And other theropod dinosaurs 科学家发现霸王龙和其他兽脚类恐龙
Shared part of their anatomy With birds. 与鸟类分享了部分解剖学知识.
But tyrannosaurus rex Was missing one bone 但是霸王龙却少了一根骨头
That was unique to only birds, The furcula. 这是唯一的鸟类，弗库拉.
Otherwise known As the prize 又称奖品
After polishing off A turkey dinner, the wish bone. 吃完火鸡大餐后，祝你好运.
In the last century, 在上个世纪，
More and more Tyrannosaurus rex bones 霸王龙的骨头越来越多
Have been dug out of the earth, But without a wishbone. 是从地里挖出来的，却没有一根叉子.
With no complete T. Rex skeleton, 没有完整的霸王龙骨架，
Paleontologists would never know If this giant lizard 古生物学家永远不会知道这只巨蜥
Was really related to birds. 真的和鸟类有关.
But in 1990, Paleontologists found 但在1990年，古生物学家发现
The most complete set Of t. Rex bones ever found. 迄今为止发现的最完整的霸王龙骨骼.
With over 90% Of its skeleton found, 发现了超过90%的骨架，
They could finally get closer To finding out 他们终于可以找到
What t. Rex anatomy shared With creatures that fly. 霸王龙的解剖学与飞行的生物有什么共同点.
Tyrannosaurus rex may not Look very bird-like 霸王龙看起来不像鸟
And it's certainly not As closely related to birds 当然和鸟类的关系也不太密切
As the raptor dinosaurs. 作为猛禽恐龙.
But t. Rex in fact shares A large number of similarities 但事实上霸王龙有很多相似之处
With birds, Including hollow bones. 有鸟，包括中空的骨头.
And with the discovery 随着这个发现
Of the most complete Tyrannosaurus rex, sue, in 1990, 在最完整的霸王龙中，苏，在1990年，
Scientists even recovered The first wishbone 科学家们甚至发现了第一根横臂
For tyrannosaurus rex, 对于霸王龙来说，
Which provides direct evidence For a link 它提供了直接的证据
Between large carnivorous Dinosaurs like t. Rex 在像霸王龙这样的大型食肉恐龙之间
And modern-day birds. 以及现代鸟类.
And it's not just the Furcula, spinal air sacs, 不仅仅是镰刀，脊椎气囊，
And hollow bones These creatures share. 这些生物共有中空的骨头.
Birds and theropods dinosaurs, Like t. Rex, 鸟类和兽脚类恐龙，像霸王龙，
May also have borrowed The same book on parenting. 可能也借了同样一本关于养育孩子的书.
The similarities between Birds and theropod dinosaurs 鸟类与兽脚类恐龙的相似性
Are not just limited to their Skeletal characteristics. 不仅仅局限于他们的骨骼特征.
We also have remarkable evidence Of a link 我们也有明显的证据表明
Between birds And meat-eating dinosaurs 介于鸟类和食肉恐龙之间
In their Reproductive characteristics. 它们的生殖特性.
This is an oviraptor egg, 这是一个产卵猛禽蛋，
And you can see That the egg itself is oblong. 你可以看到鸡蛋本身是长方形的.
It's not symmetrically round. 它不是对称的圆形.
And this is a characteristic Of all modern-bird eggs 这是所有现代鸟蛋的特征
And it's a characteristic Of the eggs 这是鸡蛋的特点
We crack to make breakfast In the morning. 我们早上去做早餐.
And that oblong shape of the egg Is a feature 蛋的长方形是一个特征
That birds inherited From theropod dinosaurs. 那些鸟是从兽脚类恐龙遗传来的.
It's not just The shape of the eggs, 不仅仅是鸡蛋的形状，
But also how the mothers Interacted 还有母亲之间的互动
With the nests themselves 和巢穴在一起
That demonstrate that link Between birds and dinosaurs. 这证明了鸟类和恐龙之间的联系.
There's been some truly amazing Fossils found that show 在那场展览中发现了一些非常惊人的化石
That oviraptor dinosaurs And raptor dinosaurs, 那个产卵恐龙和猛禽恐龙，
Not only laid oblong eggs Like birds, 不仅像鸟一样下了长圆形的蛋，
But that they actually sat On top of the nest 但他们实际上坐在巢顶上
And incubated the nest With their feathered-bodies 把鸟巢和它们羽毛般的身体一起孵育
Just like a bird. 就像一只鸟.
So that iconic image Of a mother hen 所以母鸡的标志性形象
Sitting on top Of her nest of eggs 坐在她的蛋巢上
Is actually An inherited behavior 实际上是一种遗传行为
From its dinosaur forebears And another connection between 从它的恐龙祖先和
Theropod dinosaurs And living birds. 兽脚类恐龙和活鸟.
But t. Rex weighed As much as three elephants. 但霸王龙的体重却高达三头大象.
Because of the immense size Of a mother t. Rex, 因为霸王龙妈妈的巨大体型，
In excess of 6 tonnes, 超过6吨，
It's very unlikely It would have been able to sit 它不太可能坐下来
On top of its nest of eggs. 在它的蛋巢上面.
Tyrannosaurus rex may not Have perched in a nest, 霸王龙可能没有栖息在巢中，
But members of The theropod family did, 但是兽脚亚目家族的成员们做到了，
Further establishing the link Between theropods and birds. 进一步建立了兽脚类和鸟类之间的联系.
Scientists were also getting A better understanding 科学家们也得到了更好的理解
About what the t. Rex really was By digging into its bones, 通过挖掘霸王龙的骨头，
Not digging them out. 不是挖出来的.
There have been great advances In science. 科学有了很大的进步.
Collecting and analyzing Genetic material 遗传物质的收集与分析
Was getting More and more advanced. 越来越先进了.
And like collecting dna From a crime scene, 就像从犯罪现场收集dna一样，
This new branch Of molecular paleontology 分子古生物学的新分支
Could be used To solve other mysteries, 可以用来解开其他谜团，
Thousands, Even millions of years old. 几千年，甚至几百万年前.
When we think of New dinosaur discoveries, 当我们想到新的恐龙发现，
Our tendency is to think Of crews unearthing new fossils 我们倾向于认为船员们正在发掘新的化石
In the badlands Under a hot midday sun. 在烈日下的荒地里.
But with respect to t. Rex, 但是关于霸王龙，
Some of the most exciting Discoveries about its biology 关于它生物学的一些最令人兴奋的发现
Have been made right here In the lab 是在实验室里做的
And are only visible Under the microscope. 只有在显微镜下才能看到.
In 2001, 2001年，
Paleontologist mary schweitzer Was given 古生物学家玛丽·施韦策
A piece of a very well-preserved T. Rex bone. 一块保存完好的霸王龙骨头.
She put a section Of the 68 million-year-old bone 她把6800万年前的骨头
Under the microscope 在显微镜下
And she was shocked to see Something inside the bone. 她看到骨头里有什么东西感到震惊.
T. Rex bones are hollow, But this one wasn't. T、 雷克斯的骨头是空心的，但这个不是.
Mary found tissue Called the medullary bone, 玛丽发现了一种叫做骨髓的组织，
That is usually found In pregnant female birds. 通常在怀孕的雌鸟身上发现.
But now, here it was inside A tyrannosaurus rex fossil. 但现在，它在一个霸王龙化石里.
Here's an example Of medullary bone 这是一个骨髓的例子
In the thigh bone Of a egg-laying kiwi. 产蛋猕猴桃的大腿骨.
Here we have cut the bone In half 我们把骨头切成两半
And where the shaft is Typically hollow, 轴通常是空心的，
You can actually see that There is some tissue 你可以看到一些组织
In the middle Of the bone cavity. 在骨腔中间.
When we make A thin section of this 当我们把它切成薄片
And put it under the microscope, It looks like this. 把它放在显微镜下，看起来像这样.
This is the outer cortex Of the bone, which is normal, 这是骨头的外皮质，这是正常的，
But this is The medullary bone tissue 但这是骨髓组织
And this is unique to birds 这是鸟类特有的
That are In their egg-laying cycle 在它们的产卵周期中
And it only occurs in females. 而且只发生在女性身上.
So it was really big advance 所以这真的是很大的进步
In terms of studying Dinosaur biology. 在研究恐龙生物学方面.
Finding of the gender Of a t. Rex 霸王龙性别的发现
Had never been done before. 以前从未做过.
Now there was evidence 现在有证据了
That this old t. Rex Was more of a queen than a king. 这只老霸王龙与其说是国王，不如说是女王.
And mary schweitzer Went one step further 玛丽·施韦策更进一步
With the fossilized bone. 带着骨头的化石.
Now when we think Of fossil bones, 现在当我们想到骨骼化石，
We typically think of the Mineral component of the bone, 我们通常会想到骨头的矿物成分，
That all the soft tissues Have degraded 所有的软组织都退化了
And they are not anywhere To be found within the fossils. 而且在化石里也找不到它们.
So she demineralized a sample Of this t. Rex bone. 所以她取出了霸王龙的骨头样本.
She was left With networks of soft tissue 她只剩下软组织
With what appeared to be Cells inside. 里面似乎有细胞.
No one expected any soft tissue To be preserved 没人指望能保存任何软组织
In a 68 million-year-old Tyrannosaurus rex bone. 在一块6800万年前的霸王龙骨头里.
She added to the experiment. 她加入了实验.
She analyzed the composition Of that soft tissue 她分析了软组织的成分
And what she found Was truly remarkable 她发现的真的很了不起
That some original collagen Was still preserved 一些原始的胶原蛋白仍然保存着
In a t. Rex bone. 在霸王龙的骨头里.
This t. Rex may have been Dead for 68 million years, 霸王龙可能已经死了6800万年了，
But under magnification, 但放大后，
Those cells were revealing New secrets. 那些牢房揭示了新的秘密.
This was then sequenced Using a special sequencer 然后用特殊的测序仪测序
And her team was able To identify 她的团队能够识别
The amino acid sequence Of the proteins 蛋白质的氨基酸序列
In that collagen. 在胶原蛋白里.
And when that was compared To the collagen 当把它和胶原蛋白做比较时
In a number of Different animal groups, 在许多不同的动物群中，
It was found to most closely Resemble that of chicken. 人们发现它与鸡肉最为相似.
Tyrannosaurus rex, The king of all lizards 霸王龙，蜥蜴之王
Is distantly related To a chicken. 与鸡有远亲关系.
Could the beast that terrorized The earth for millions of years, 会不会是那个吓坏地球数百万年的野兽，
Now be something That everyone eats for dinner? 现在是每个人晚餐吃的东西吗？
Paleontologists have found Striking similarities 古生物学家发现了惊人的相似之处
Between certain groups of Dinosaurs and modern birds, 在某些恐龙和现代鸟类之间，
From hollow bones to wishbones. 从中空的骨头到叉骨.
T. Rex and the humble chicken May share common genes, T、 雷克斯和卑微的小鸡可能有共同的基因，
But packaging was still A crucial piece of the puzzle. 但包装仍然是一个关键的难题.
Chickens have feathers, And that's what makes a bird, 鸡有羽毛，所以才有鸟，
Well, a bird! 好吧，一只鸟！
And no one has ever found A tyrannosaurus rex 从来没有人发现过霸王龙
With feathers, At least not in north america. 有羽毛，至少在北美没有.
In the early 20th century, 在20世纪初，
The vast desert landscape Of mongolia was a no man's land. 蒙古广袤的沙漠是一片无人居住的土地.
But it was here that Roy chapman andrews discovered 但罗伊·查普曼·安德鲁斯就是在这里发现的
The first dinosaur nests And other dinosaur fossils 第一批恐龙巢穴和其他恐龙化石
In asia. 在亚洲.
This opened up a new frontier For dinosaur hunters, 这为恐龙猎手开辟了新的领域，
Looking to find Even stranger creatures 寻找更奇怪的生物
To show the world. 向世界展示.
Since then, 从那时起，
A chinese paleontologist Named xu xing 中国古生物学家徐星
Has uncovered more important Finds in this area 在这个地区发现了更重要的发现
Than any other paleontologist On the planet. 比地球上任何一个古生物学家都要多.
Xu xing is one of the world's Leading paleontologists. 徐星是世界著名的古生物学家之一.
He works at the institute Of vertebrate paleontology 他在古脊椎动物研究所工作
And paleoanthropology in beijing 北京的古人类学
And he's one of the most Prolific namers of dinosaurs 他是最多产的恐龙命名者之一
Out there. 在那里.
He's actually named More dinosaurs 他实际上叫了更多的恐龙
Than just about anybody On the planet. 比地球上任何人都重要.
And among those finds, 在这些发现中，
Xu xing unearthed one of The most important fossils 徐兴出土了最重要的化石之一
To help solve the mystery. 帮助解开谜团.
A smaller gentler version Of t. Rex named dilong 一种叫帝龙的小而温和的霸王龙
That had feathers. 有羽毛的.
Dilong was one of our first Good pictures 狄龙是我们最早的好照片之一
Of a very early tyrannosaur, 早期的霸王龙，
And a very early member Of that lineage 一个早期的家族成员
That included tyrannosaurus rex. 包括霸王龙.
But it was really special For what was preserved 但对于保存下来的
That's not typically preserved With the dinosaur skeleton. 这不是典型的恐龙骨骼保存.
We're used to the preservation Of bones 我们习惯于保存骨头
And seeing skeletons like this In the museum. 在博物馆里看到这样的骷髅.
But the dilong specimen That was found 但是发现的狄龙标本
Showed The unmistakable impressions 显示出明显的印象
Of proto-feathers, A kind of dino fuzz. 一种恐龙的绒毛.
But dilong Was only the size of a dog, 但狄龙只有狗那么大，
So would have needed Some kind of coat to stay warm. 所以我需要一件外套来保暖.
T. Rex was 10 times The size of dilong. T、 雷克斯是帝龙的10倍大.
If it had feathers, It would have overheated. 如果它有羽毛，它就会过热.
Dilong would have been likely Completely covered 狄龙很可能被完全覆盖了
In these filamentous Proto-feathers 在这些丝状的原始羽毛里
That would have insulated The animal 会让动物绝缘的
And allowed it to regulate Its body heat. 让它调节体温.
Small mammals, of course, Are covered in hair. 当然，小型哺乳动物全身都是毛发.
But the largest mammals Like rhinos and elephants, 但是最大的哺乳动物像犀牛和大象，
In fact, Have lost most of their hair 事实上，他们大部分的头发都掉了
And this is at least in part To help them to dissipate heat 这至少在一定程度上有助于它们散热
Because of the problems Of overheating at large size. 因为大尺寸的过热问题.
Dilong shows us that 狄龙告诉我们
Some type of feather-covered Small tyrannosaurs, 一些羽毛覆盖的小霸王龙，
But not those The size of tyrannosaurus rex, 但不是霸王龙那么大，
Existed. 存在的.
But in 2012, 但在2012年，
Xu xing made another remarkable Find in chinese mongolia 徐星在中国蒙古又有一个惊人的发现
That would trump his discovery Of dilong. 这将胜过他对狄龙的发现.
Meet yutyrannus, 认识尤特兰纳斯，
Tyrannosaurus rex's Closest relative. 霸王龙的近亲.
It's not quite as big As its cousin, 它没有它的表兄那么大，
But yutyrannus was covered In feathers. 但尤泰拉努斯浑身是羽毛.
This made it even more possible To believe 这使得人们更容易相信
That a beast As large as tyrannosaurus rex 像霸王龙一样大的野兽
Could have sported plumage. 可能有羽毛.
It's another primitive member Of the tyrannosaur lineage 它是暴龙家族的另一个原始成员
That includes t. Rex. 包括霸王龙.
But yutyrannus measured Over 30-feet in length. 但尤特兰纳斯的身长超过30英尺.
And it showed That even large tyrannosaurs 它表明即使是大型霸王龙
Could have sported A dino-fuzz type covering 本可以用恐龙绒毛式的覆盖物
Of filamentous proto-feathers 丝状原始羽毛
And this suggests to us That t. Rex itself 这表明霸王龙本身
Was likely covered In fuzzy proto-feathers. 很可能覆盖着模糊的原始羽毛.
Over the last 100 years, 在过去的100年里，
What we've learned about Tyrannosaurus rex 我们对霸王龙的了解
Has been changing. 一直在改变.
The scary giant lizard We've all grown up with 我们一起长大的可怕的巨蜥
Is most likely related To something else. 很可能与其他事情有关.
Birds. 鸟.
They share the same bones, Behavior, and genetics. 它们拥有相同的骨骼、行为和基因.
What we're missing Are just a few more feathers. 我们缺少的只是一些羽毛.
I think It's just a matter of time 我想这只是时间问题
Until we find a t. Rex skeleton 直到我们找到霸王龙的骨架
That was preserved In the right conditions 在合适的条件下保存的
That will reveal whether or not T. Rex had a scaly skin 这将揭示霸王龙是否有鳞状皮肤
Or whether it did indeed have A external covering 或者它是否真的有外部覆盖物
Of filamentous proto-feathers Or dino fuzz. 指丝状的原始羽毛或恐龙绒毛.
But until A feathered-t. Rex is found, 但在找到长羽毛的霸王龙之前，
There are still gaps In the family tree. 家谱上还有缺口.
And science has not Completely solved the mystery 科学并没有完全解开这个谜
Of whether this is T. Rex's closest living cousin. 这是否是霸王龙的近亲.
(tyrannosaurus roars) （暴龙咆哮）